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Chapter 3: Human Development - Questions/Answers | NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography(India People and Economy)
Class 12 Geography(India People and Economy) Chapter 3: 'Human Development' - Questions and Answers of NCERT Book Solutions.
1. Choose the right answers of the followings from the given options:
(i) Which one of the following is India’s rank in terms of Human Development Index among the countries of the world in 2011?,
(a) 126
(b) 134
(c) 128
(d) 129
Answer: (b) 134
(ii)Which one of the following states of India has the highest rank in the Human Development Index?
(a) Jamil Nadu,
(b) Punjab
(c) Kerala
(d) Haryana
Answer:
(c) Kerala
(iii)Which one of the following states of India has the lowest female literacy?
(a) Jammu and Kashmir
(b) Arunachal Pradesh
(c) Jharkhand
(d) Bihar
Answer:
(d) Bihar
(iv)Which one of the following states of India has the lowest female child sex ratio 0-6 years?
(a) Gujarat
(b) Haryana
(c) Punjab
(d) Himachal Pradesh
Answer: (b) Haryana
(v) Which one of the following Union Territories of India has the highest literacy rate?
(a) Lakshadweep
(b) Chandigarh
(c) Daman and Diu
(d) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Answer: (a) Lakshadweep
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words:
(i)Define Human Development.
Answer:
“Human development is a process of enlarging the range of people’s choices, increasing their opportunities for education, health care, income and empowerment and covering the full range of human choices from a sound physical environment to economic, social and political freedom.”
Question 2.(ii) Give two reasons for low levels of Human Development in most of the Northern States of India.
Answer: Work and employment have remained the main cause for male migration. It constitutes 38% of total male migration. 3% of the male population migrates due to business, 6% due to education, 2% because of marriage, 10% male population is migrant by birth, 25% male population has migrated with households whereas 16% of male population migrated due to other reasons. The male migration due to marriage is concentrated in Meghalaya where matriarchy is prevalent.
Question 2.(iii) Give two reasons for declining child sex ratio in India
Answer: The main underlying causes is the social attitude of the people which results from the cultural fabric of the country , where there is general preference for male child. People tend to have male children and also there are illegal practices of female infanticide and in modem times pesticides rampant. The states with highest per capita income have lowest child sex ratio because these states have facilities of pre natal sex determination resulting sex selective abortion resulting in low child sex ratio. Also after the birth of female child, the negligence on health care of the female child leads to higher infant mortality rates for female kids resulting in low child sex ratio.
3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words:
Question 3.(i) Discuss the spatial patterns of female literacy in India in 2001 and bring out the reasons responsible for it.
Answer: Overall literacy in India is approximately 65.4 per cent (2001) while female literacy is only 54.16 per cent. Total literacy as well as female literacy is higher than the national average in most of the states from south India. There are wide regional disparities in literacy rate across the states of India. There is a state like Bihar which has veiy low (47.53 per cent) literacy and there are states like Kerala and Mizoram which have literacy rates of 90.92 and 88.49 per cent respectively. Kerala is able to record the highest value in the HDI largely due to its impressive performance in achieving near hundred per cent literacy (90.92 per cent) in 2001. In a different scenario the states like Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Assam and Uttar Pradesh have very low literacy. For example, total literacy rate for Bihar was as low as 60.32 per cent during the same year. States showing higher total literacy rates have less gaps between the male and female literacy rates. For Kerala, it is 6.34 per cent, while it is 26.75 per cent in Bihar and 25.95 per cent in Madhya Pradesh. Apart from the spatial variations, percentage of literates in the rural areas and among the marginalized sections of our society such as females, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, agricultural labourers, etc. is very low. It is worth mentioning here that though, there has been improvement in the percentage of literates among the marginalized section yet the gap between the richer and the marginalized sections of the population has increased over the years.
Question 3.(ii) Which factors have caused spatial variations in the levels of Human Development among the 15 major states in India?
Answer: India has been placed among the countries with medium human development index. It has human development index of 134. Kerala with the composite index value of 0.638 is placed at the top rank followed by Punjab (0.537), Tamil Nadu (0.531) Maharashtra (0.523) and Haryana (0.509). States like Bihar (0.367), Assam (0.386), Uttar Pradesh (0.388), Madhya Pradesh (0.394) and Odisha (0.404) are at the bottom among the 15 major states in India. There are several socio-political, economic and historical reasons for such a state of affairs. Kerala is able to record the highest value in the HDI largely due to its impressive performance in achieving near hundred per cent literacy (90.92 per cent) in 2001. States like Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Assam and Uttar Pradesh have very low literacy. States showing higher total literacy rates have less gaps between the male and female literacy rates. Apart from the educational attainment, the levels of economic development too play significant impacts on HDI. Economically developed states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Punjab and Haryana have higher value of HDI as compared to states like Assam, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, etc. Regional distortions and social disparities continue to play an important role in the Indian economy, polity and society. In India, social divisions of caste, religion, sex plays an important role in the access of the particular social group to various life chances, hence alter their standing in the human development index. It is found that states with wider variations in social group like Uttar Pradesh tend to have lower Human development index due to communal tensions, differential resource distribution to people of different social groups.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Question 1. Name the states with lowest & highest percentage -of people below poverty line.
Answer: As per 2001 data of Planning Commission of India the state with lowest percentage of people below poverty line is Jammu and Kashmir, where Odisha has the highest number of people below poverty line.
Question 2. Which factors differentiate states with high HDI value from low HDI value?
Answer:There are several socio-political, economic and historical reasons that differentiate the states with high frbm states with low HDI values.
Question 3.What do you mean by development?
Answer:It is freedom which is often associated with modernisation, leisure, comfort and affluence. In the present context, computerisation, industrialisation, efficient transport and communication network, large education system, advanced and modern medical facilities, safety and security of individuals, etc. are considered as the symbols of development.
Question 4.‘Development is biased’. Justify the statement.
Answer: Development of a few regions, individuals brought about in a short span of time leads to poverty and malnutrition for many along with large scale ecological degradation. It makes one feel that development is biased. But actual development is one which improves quality of life for one and all.
Question 5.What components are considered as symbols of development?
Answer Computerization, industrialization, efficient transport and communication network, large education system, advanced and modern medical facilities, safety and security of individuals, etc. are considered as the symbols of development.
Question 6. Explain the meaning of development in context of India.
Answer: Every individual, community and government measures its performance or levels of development in relation to the availability and access to some of these things. But, this may be partial and one-sided view of development.
Question 7.Who are the most marginalized group in Indian context?
Answer: It is a well-established fact that majority of the scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, landless agricultural labourers, poor farmers and slums dwellers, etc. are the most marginalized group in Indian context
Question 8.What is special in Human Development Report, 1993?
Answer: According to the Human Development Report 1993, “progressive democratization and increasing empowerment of people are seen as the minimum conditions for human development”. Moreover, it also mentions that “development must be woven around people, not the people around development”.
Question 9.On what basis has Planning Commission of India prepared Human Development Report?
Answer Using the indicators selected by the UNDP, the Planning Commission of India also prepared the Human Development Report for India. It used states and the Union Territories as the units of analysis. Subsequently, each state government also started preparing the state level Human Development Reports, using districts as the units of analysis.
Question 10. What is considered the key to human development?
Answer:
Enlarging the range of people’s choices is the most significant aspect of human development. People’s choices may involve a host of other issues, but, living a long and healthy life, to be educated and have access to resources needed for a decent standard of living including political freedom, guaranteed human rights and personal self-respect, etc. are considered key to human development.
Question 11.“Poverty is a state of deprivation”. Explain.
Answer. Poverty is a state of deprivation. In absolute terms, it reflects the inability of an individual to satisfy certain basic needs for a sustained, healthy and reasonably productive living. It is a state where a person is deprived of even the most basic needs of life.
Question 12. Life free from illness and ailment and living a reasonably long lifespan are indicative of a healthy life. Explain.
Answer:
Availability of pre and post-natal health care facilities in order to reduce infant mortality and post delivery deaths among mothers, old age health care, adequate nutrition and safety of individual are some important measures of a healthy and reasonably long life.
Question 13. Migration leads to intermixing of people from diverse culture. Clarify
Answer:
Migration leads to intermixing of people from diverse culture and it results in evolution of a composite culture. When some people come from a developed region to under-developed region, he brings with him a developed thinking and new technology. Similarly, girls education has become important as a result of migration.
Question 14.In which states is the literacy rate high?
Answer:
Total literacy as well as female literacy is higher than the national average in most of the states from South India. [Kerala and Mizoram have literacy rates of 90.92 and 88.49% respectively].
Question 15.Name five countries with the highest HDI ranking.
Answer:
Norway has the highest HDI index in the world with 0.963 followed by Australia with 0.955, Sweden with 0.949, Switzerland with 0.947 and USA with 0.944.
Question 16. Which five states of India have the lowest rank in HDI?
Answer:In India, Human Development Index of Bihar is 0.367 followed by Assam with 0.386, Uttar Pradesh with 0.388, Madhya Pradesh with 0.394 and Odisha with 0.404.
Question 17. Which country has proclaimed ‘Gross National Hapiness’ as the measure of a country’s progress?
Answer: Bhutan has proclaimed ‘Gross National Hapiness’ as the measure of a country’s progress.
Last Updated on: February 16, 2024
