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Chapter 11: International Trade - Questions/Answers | NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography (India People and Economy)
Class 12 Geography (India People and Economy) Chapter 11: 'International Trade' - Questions and Answers of NCERT Book Solutions.
1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options:
(i)Trade between two countries is termed as
(a) Internal trade
(b) External trade
(c) International trade
(d) Local trade
Answer:(c) International trade
(ii)Which one of the following is a land locked harbour?
(a) Vishakhapatnam
(b) Mumbai
(c) Ennore
(d) Haldia
Answer:(a) Vishakhapatnam
(iii)Most of India’s foreign trade is carried through
(a) Land and sea
(b) Land and air
(c) Sea and air
(d) Sea
Answer:(c) Sea and air
(iv)Which bne of the following is India’s largest trading partner
(a) U.A.E.
(b) China
(c) Germany
(d) U.S.A.
Answer:(a) U.A.E.
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words:
(i)Mention the characteristics of India’s foreign trade.
Answer:The nature of India’s foreign trade has changed over the years. Though there has been an increase in the total volume of import and export, the value of import continued to be higher than that of exports. There has also been an increase in trade deficit over the last couple of years. This increase in deficit is attributed to the price rise of crude petroleum, which forms a major component of India’s international trade. The share of primary products has decreased in the total export of India, whereas share of petroleum products has increased, share of manufactured products has remained constant over the years.
(iii)Explain the meaning of hinterland.
Answer:Hinterland is the area served by a port. It is the area of influence of a port. It is a region lying inland from a coast or river. Eg. UP, Bihar, Jharkhand are hinterlands of Kolkata port.
(iv)Name important items which India imports from different countries.
Answer:The major of items of India’s import as per 2009-2011 are food and allied products, fuel, fertilisers, paper board manufacturing and news print, capital goods, chemicals, pearls, precious and semi precious stones, gold and silver.
(v)Name the ports of India located on the east coast.
Answer:Ports on the eastern coast of India are:
• Kolkata port – West Bengal
• Haldia port – West Bengal
• Paradip port – Odisha
• Vishakhapatnam port – Andhra Pradesh
• Chennai port – Tamil Nadu
• Ennore port – Tamil Nadu
• Tuticorin port – Tamil Nadu
3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words:
(i)Describe the composition of export and import trade of India.
Answer:Composition of Export trade in India: The composition of commodities in India’s international trade has been undergoing change over years. The share of agriculture and allied products have declined whereas shares of petroleum and crude products and other commodities have increased. The shares of ore minerals and manufactured goods have largely remained constant over the years from 1997-98 to 2003-04. The increase in share of petroleum products is due to rise in petroleum price as well as India’s refining capacity. The decline in traditional products is largely due to the competition from the international market. Amongst the agricultural products, there is a great decline in the exports of traditional items such as coffee, spices, tea, pulses, etc. though an increase has been registered in floricultural products, fresh fruits, marine products and sugar, etc.
Manufacturing sector alone accounted for 68 per cent of India’s total value of export in 2010-11. Engineering goods have shown a significant growth in the export list. China and other East Asian countries are our major competitors. Gems and jewellery contribute a larger portion of India’s foreign trade.
Composition of Import trade in India: Machine and equipment, special steel, edible oil and chemicals largely make the import basket. There has been a steep rise in imports of petroleum products. It is used not only as a fuel but also as an industrial raw material. It indicates the tempo of rising industrialization and better standard of living. Sporadic price rise in the international market is another reason for the same. Import of capital goods maintained a steady increase due to rising demand in the export-oriented industrial and domestic sectors. Non¬electrical machinery, transport equipment, manufacturers of metals and machine tools were the main items of capital goods. Import of food and allied products declined with a fall in imports of edible oils. Other major items of India’s import include pearls and semi precious stones, gold and silver, metalliferrous ores and metal scrap, non-ferrous metals, electronic goods, etc.
(ii)Write a note on the changing nature of the international trade of India.
Answer:In 1950-51, India’s external trade was worth Rs. 1,2140 million, which rose to Rs. 22,09,270 crore in 2009-10. The main reasons for the rise in the quantum of trade is momentum piched up by the manufacturing sector, the liberal policies of the government and the diversification of markets. The nature of India’s foreign trade has changed over the years. Though there has been an increase in the total volume of import and export, the value of import continued to be higher than that of exports. There has also been an increase in trade deficit over the last couple of years. This increase in deficit is attributed to the price rise of crude petroleum, which forms a major component of India’s international trade.
Changing Nature of India’s Export: The composition of commodities in India’s international trade has been undergoing change over years. The share of agriculture and allied products have declined whereas shares of petroleum and crude products and other commodities have increased. The shares of ore minerals and manufactured goods have largely remained constant over the years from 1997-98 to 2003-04. The increase in share of petroleum products is due to rise in petroleum price as well as India’s refining capacity. The decline in traditional products is largely due to the competition from the international market Amongst the agricultural products, there is a great decline in the exports of traditional items such as coffee, spices, tea, pulses, etc. though an increase has been registered in floricultural products, fresh fruits, marine products and sugar, etc.
Manufacturing sector alone accounted for 68 per cent of India’s total value of export in 2010-11. Engineering goods have shown a significant growth in the export list. China and other East Asian countries are our major competitors.
Gems and jewellery contribute a larger portion of India’s foreign trade.
Changing Nature of India’s Import: India faced serious food shortage during 1950s and 1960s. The major item of import at that time was foodgrain, capital goods, machinery and equipments. The balance of payment was adverse as imports were more than export in spite of all the efforts of import substitution. After 1970s, foodgrain import was discontinued due to the success of green revolution but the energy crisis of 1973 pushed the prices of petroleum, and import budget was also pushed up. Fertilisers and petroleum replaced foodgrain import. Machine and equipment, special steel, edible oil and chemicals largely make the import basket.
There has been a steep rise in imports of petroleum products. It is used not only as a fuel but also as an industrial raw material. It indicates the tempo of rising industrialisation and better standard of living. Sporadic price rise in the international market is another reason for the same. Import of capital goods maintained a steady increase due to rising demand in the export-oriented industrial and domestic sectors. Non-electrical machinery, transport equipment, manufacturers of metals and machine tools were the main items of capital goods.
Import of food and allied products declined with a fall in imports of edible oils. Other major items of India’s import include pearls and semi precious stones, gold and silver, metalliferrous ores and metal scrap, non-ferrous metals, electronic goods, etc.
Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.What changes have taken place in exports of India due to increased competition?
Answer:Due to tough international competition, amongst the agricultural products, there is a great decline in the exports of traditional items such as coffee, spices, tea, pulses, etc. though an increase has been registered in floricultural products, fresh fruits, marine products and sugar, etc.
Question 2.Which goods were being imported in 1950-60?
Answer:India faced serious food shortage during 1950’s and 1960’s. The major item of import at that time was food grain, capital goods, machineries and equipment’s. The balance of payment was adverse as imports were more than exports in spite of all the efforts of import substitution.
Question 3.In the decade of 1970 which goods had replaced food items from imports.
Answer:After 1970’s, food grain import was discontinued due to the success of green revolution programme but the energy crisis of 1973 pushed the prices of petroleum, and import budget was also pushed up. Food grain import was replaced with fertilizers and petroleum. Machines and equipment’s, special steel, edible oil and chemicals largely made the import items.
Question 4.Why did India’s external trade increase rapidly between 1950-51 and 2009-10?
Answer:India’s external trade increased rapidly due to the sharp rise in overseas trade, the momentum picked up by the manufacturing sectors, the liberal policies of the government and the diversification of market.
Question 5.Why is the export of agricultural and allied products declining continuously after 1997-98?
Answer:There is a great decline in the exports of traditional items such as coffee, spices, tea, pulses, etc due to the tough international competition amongst agricultural products. Though an increase has been registered in floricultural products, fresh fruits, marine products and sugar, etc.
Question 6.After attaining a peak in 1999-2000, why has the export of manufacturing goods started decreasing?
Answer:Engineering goods have shown a significant growth in the export list. But the share of petroleum 8s other commodities have increased.
Question 7.Name the major items of India’s import list of 1994-2005?
Answer:
• Engineering goods, capital goods
• Gems and jewellery
• Chemical and related products
• Petroleum products (fuel).
Question 8.Name the trading partners of India ] except the USA.
Answer:The UAE is India’s largest trading partner and the most important destination of India’s export followed by China. Other countries in order of significance include, Belgium, Germany, Korea, Switzerland, Hong Kong, Singapore and Indonesia.
Question 9.By which routes does most of international trade take place in India?
Answer:Most of India’s foreign trade is carried through sea and air routes. However, a small portion is also carried through land route to neighboring countries like Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
Question 10.What natural factors are favorable for international trade in India?
Answer:India is surrounded by sea from three sides and is bestowed with a long coastline. Water provides a smooth surface for very cheap transport provided there is no turbulence. India has a long tradition of sea-faring and developed many ports with place name suffixed with pattan which means port.
Question 11.Give share of India’s foreign trade with important partners.
Answer:Asia and Oceania accounted for 57 per cent of India’s export followed by West Europe (23.80 per cent) and America Europe and America in 2004-05.
Question 12.Why is the West Coast having more seaports as compared to the East Coast?
Answer:West Coast have more ports as compared to East Coast because of the availability of indented coastline.
Question 13.Who decides the policy and plays regulatory role for ports?
Answer:At present, India has 12 major ports and 185 minor or intermediate ports. In case of the major ports, central government decides the policy and plays regulatory functions. The minor ports are there whose policy and functions are regulated by state governments.
Question 14.With what objective did British develop ports in India?
Answer:The British used the ports as suction points of the resources from their hinterlands. The extension of railways towards the interior facilitated the linking of the local markets to regional markets, regional markets to national markets and national markets to the international markets.
Question 15.Name newly constructed ports of India.
Or
Name the port constructed on west coast immediately after independence.
Answer:The partition of the country snatched away two very important ports, i.e. Karachi port went to Pakistan and Chittagong port to the erstwhile east-Pakistan, (now Bangladesh. To compensate the losses, many new ports like the Kandla in the west and the Diamond Harbour near Kolkata on the river Hugli in the east were developed.
Question 16.What is the cargo capacity of Indian ports at present?
Answer:The capacity of Indian ports increased from 20 million tonnes of cargo handling in 1951 to more than 500 million tonnes at present.
Question 17.Why is Marmagao Port called natural port?
Answer:Marmagao Port is situated at the entrance of the Zuari estuary. Therefore, it is a natural harbour in Goa. It gained significance after its remodelling in 1961 to handle iron-ore exports to Japan. Construction of Konkan railway has considerably extended the hinterland of this port.
Question 18.Why is Vembanad Kayal famous?
Answer:Kochchi port which is popularly known as the “Queen of the Arabian Sea” is situated at Vembanad Kayal. It is also a natural harbour. This port has an advantageous location being close to the Suez-Colombo route. It caters to the needs of Kerala, southern-Karnataka and south western Tamil Nadu.
Question 19.What do you know about Visakhapatnam port?
Answer:Visakhapatnam Port in Andhra Pradesh is a land-locked harbour, connected to the sea by a channel cut through solid rock and sand.
Question 20.How many ports are there in India at present?
Answer:At present, India has 12 major seaports and 185 minor or intermediate ports.
Question 21.Which port has the deepest harbour?
Answer:Paradwip port has the deepest harbour. It is situated in the Mahanadi delta, about 100 km away from Cuttack.
Question 22.Which port is situated at downstream Kolkata? Which goods does it handle?
Answer:Haldia port is located at 105 km downstream from Kolkata. It has been constructed to reduce the congestion at Kolkata port. It handles bulk cargo like iron ore, coal, petroleum, petroleum products and fertilisers, jute, jute products, cotton and cotton yarn, etc.
Question 23.Name the port which has been constructed to reduce the congestion at Kolkata port.
Answer:Haldia port has been constructed to reduce the congestion at Kolkata port.
Question 25.Which is the Biggest port of India?
Answer:Mumbai Port.
Question 26.Which is one of the oldest artificial ports in easten coast?
Answer:Chennai
Question 27.Which ports have been built to relieve the pressure of Chennai?
Answer:Ennore & Tuticorin ports
Question 28.Which is the riverine port?
Answer:Kolkata on river Hugli.
Question 29.Which is a land-locked harbour port?
Answer:Vishakhapatnam
Last Updated on: February 16, 2024
