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Chapter 2: Migration - Questions/Answers | NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography(India People and Economy)
Class 12 Geography(India People and Economy) Chapter 2: 'Migration' - Questions and Answers of NCERT Book Solutions.
1. Choose the right answers of the followings from the given options:
(i)Which one of the following is the main reason for male migration in India?
(a) Education
(b) Business
(c) Work and employment
(d) Marriage
Answer: (c) Work and employment
(ii) Which one of the following states receives maximum number of immigrants?
(a) Uttar Pradesh
(b) Delhi
(c) Maharashtra
(d) Bihar
Answer:
(c) Maharashtra
(iii) Which one of the following streams is dominated by male migrants in India?
(a) Rural-rural
(b) Urban-rural
(c) Rural-urban
(d) Urban-Urban
Answer:
(c) Rural-urban
(iv) Which one of the following urban agglomeration has the highest share in migrant population?
(a) Mumbai UA
(b) Delhi UA
(c) Bangalore UA
(d) Chennai UA
Answer: (a) Mumbai UA
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words:
(i) Differentiate between life-time migrant and migrant by last residence
Answer:
According to the census of India migration is enumerated on two bases:
(i) Place of birth (life-time migrant).
(ii) Place of residence (migrant by place of last residence)
(ii) Identify the main reason for male/ female selective migration.
Answer: Work and employment have remained the main cause for male migration. It constitutes 38% of total male migration. 3% of the male population migrates due to business, 6% due to education, 2% because of marriage, 10% male population is migrant by birth, 25% male population has migrated with households whereas 16% of male population migrated due to other reasons. The male migration due to marriage is concentrated in Meghalaya where matriarchy is prevalent.
(iii) What is the impact of rural-urban migration on the age and sex structure on the place of origin and destination?
Answer: Migiation leads to redistribution of population within a country. Rural-urban migration is one of the important factors contributing to the population growth of cities. Age and skill selective out migration from rural areas have adverse effect on rural demographic structure. High out migration results in serious imbalance in age sex composition. Male population within the working age group migrate out of rural areas leaving females, children and old aged people, which increases the share of dependent population in rural areas. The situation is especially difficult for females because they have to look after both domestic and economic work in the villages, leading to higher participation of women in agriculture without decrease in their household workload. Also it leads to loss of human resource from the rural areas, leaving them with unskilled people thus reducing the total productivity and hence hampering the development of rural areas. Urban areas receive heavy in migration of working age male population, causing sex ratio to be highly unfavorable for females, which gives rise to crimes against women and increases their vulnerability
3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words:
(i)Discuss the consequences of international migration in India.
Answer: Indian census 2001 has recorded that more than 5 million persons have migrated to India from other countries. As far as emigration from India is concerned it is estimated that there are around 20 million people of Indian diaspora across 110 countries. Emigration: A major benefit for the source region is the remittance sent by migrants. Remittances from the international migrants are one of the major sources of foreign exchange. Punjab, Kerala and Tamil Nadu receive veiy significant amount from their international migrants. If remittances are the major benefits of migration from the point of view of the source region, the loss of human resources particularly highly skilled people is the most serious cost. Consequently, the existing underdevelopment in the source region gets reinforced. When people move from one country to another they act as agents of social change, they carry the ideas related to new technology, etc. Migration leads to intermixing of people from diverse cultures. It has positive contribution such as evolution of composite global culture and widens up mental horizon of people. On the other hand when people move out of their own countries to other countries due to differing social and cultural values, they feel alienated and leads a loss of identity and sense of dejection among individuals. Continued feeling of dejection may motivate people to fall in the trap of anti-social activities like crime and drug abuse. Immigration: The heavy influx of migrants from neighbouring countries, mostly being illegal gives rise to many socio-economic problems. They lead to increase in population, which causes overcrowding, development of unregulated colonies and slums. Also it leads to increase in pressure on infrastructure, which is unable to cope with increasing population, increased unemployment, pressure on government exchequers on social security schemes leads to over exploitation of resources. It also leads to increase in crime rates, especially against women as most of the migrants are male which disturbs the age-sex ratio of recipient cities in India. It also leads to tensions between immigrants and native inhabitants,
(ii)What are social-demographic consequences of migration?
Answer: Migration is a response to the uneven distribution of opportunities over space. People tend to move from place of low opportunity and low safety to the place of higher opportunity and better safety. Consequences can be observed in economic, social, cultural, political and demographic terms. Demographic Consequences: Migration leads to the redistribution of the population within a country. Rural urban migration is one of the important factors contributing to the population growth of cities. Age and skill selective out migration from the rural area have adverse effect on the rural demographic structure creating serious imbalances in age and sex composition. Male population within the working age group migrate out of rural areas leaving females, children and old aged people, which increases the share of dependent population in rural areas. Urban areas receive heavy in migration of working age male population, causing sex ratio to be highly unfavorable for females. Social Consequences: Migrants act as agents of social change. The new ideas related to new technologies, family planning, girl’s education, etc., get diffused from urban to rural areas through them. Migration leads to intermixing of people from diverse cultures. It has positive contribution such as evolution of composite culture and it widens up the mental horizon of the people at large. But it also has serious negative consequences – anonymity, creates social vacuum and sense of dejection among individuals. Continued feeling of dejection lead people to fall in the trap of anti-social activities like crime and drug abuse. Also it may lead to loss of identities among the emigrants. Due to heavy male out migration from rural areas, situation for females becomes especially difficult because they have to look after both domestic and economic work in the villages, leading to higher participation of women in agriculture without decrease in their household workload. Migration of women either for education or employment enhances their autonomy and role in the economy. Urban areas receive heavy in migration of working age male population, causing sex ratio to be highly unfavourable for females, which gives rise to crimes against women and increases their vulnerability. Unemployment leads to increase in crime rate in the urban areas.
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Question 1.Define “Indian Diaspora’.
Answer: The Indian Diaspora is a generic term to describe the people who migrated from territories that are currently within the borders of the Republic of India. It also refers to their descendants.
Question 2.Give one state each with dominating push 8s pull factors.
Answer:When the place of birth of a person and place, of residence is different, he is said to be migrant.
Question 3.How do we determine whether a person is migrant?
Answer:Singapore is the most densely populated country of Asia.
Question 4. Name the regions from which early migrants came to India in early history.
Answer: West and Central Asia and South¬East Asia.
Question 5. Name few countries where the Indian migrants settled over a period of time.
Answer:
• Mauritius, Caribbean Islands, Fiji, South Africa under the Girmit Act.
• Thailand,Malaysia,Singapore,Indonesia, Brunei and African countries.
• USA, Canada, UK,Australia, NewZealand and Germany.
Question 6. Name any four components of migration recorded in the census of India.
Answer:
• Place of birth
• Duration of residence at place of enumeration
• Place of last residence
• Reasons for migration
Question 7. Why is the male migration higher from rural to urban?
Male migration is higher from rural to urban for search of job opportunities to provide better standards of living to family.
Question 8. Name the countries from where people have migrated to India.
Answer:
• Census 2001 recorded that more than 5 million people have migrated to India from other countries. Out of these 96 per cent came from neighboring countries: Bangladesh, (3.0 million) and Nepal (0.5 million).
• Refugees from Tibet, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran and Myanmar.
Question 9. Name the state having largest number of in-migrants and out-migrants?
Answer .
• In-migrants: Maharashtra
• Out-migrants: Uttar Pradesh
Question 10.Explain the main cause of rural to rural migration and rural to urban migration.
Answer: In 2001, rural to rural migration was the highest amongst women and it was due to marriage. On the other hand, rural to urban migration was recorded highest amongst males and it was for work and employment.
Question 11. Name emigrant and immigrant states of India.
Answer:Maximum number of people migrate to other places from Uttar Pradesh and then secondly from Bihar. Some states like Maharashtra, Delhi, Gujarat and Haryana attract migrants from other states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, etc. Maharashtra occupied first place in the list with 2.3 million net in-migrants, followed by Delhi, Gujarat and Haryana. Among the urban agglomeration (UA), Greater Mumbai received the highest number of in-migrants. Intra-states migration constituted the largest share in it.
Question 12. People are emotionally attached to their birthplaces still they leave them. Why?
Answer:Because of push factors people leave their birth and native places which are emotionally attached to them. Lack of basic infrastructural facilities, health and education apart from these, natural calamities like floods, droughts, earthquakes, tsunami, war, etc. give extra pressure or push to migrate from a place
Question 13. Migration leads to intermixing of people from diverse culture. Clarify
Answer:
Migration leads to intermixing of people from diverse culture and it results in evolution of a composite culture. When some people come from a developed region to under-developed region, he brings with him a developed thinking and new technology. Similarly, girls education has become important as a result of migration.
Question 14.Explain the problems that arise in urban areas due to migration.
Answer:
Due to migration to urban-areas problems of slums, dirty colonies, and overcrowding take place. Due to excessive exploitation of natural resources, land degradation, air and water pollution, sewage problems, etc. arise.
Question 15.Explain the demographic problems which arise due to migration.
Answer:
Migration leads to the redistribution of the population within a country. Rural/ urban migration is one of the important factors contributing to the population growth of cities. Age and skill selective out migration from the rural area have adverse effect on the rural demographic structure. States of out migrants face problems of lack of skilful youth and increased number of dependent persons. Migration has brought serious imbalances in the age and sex composition in the emigrating states. Similar imbalances are also brought in the recipient states
Last Updated on: February 16, 2024
