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Chapter 7: Mineral and Energy Resources - Questions/Answers | NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography (India People and Economy)
Class 12 Geography (India People and Economy) Chapter 7: 'Mineral and Energy Resources' - Questions and Answers of NCERT Book Solutions.
1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options:
(i) In which one of the following States are the major oil fields located?
(a) Assam
(b) Bihar
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Tamil Nadu
Answer: (a) Assam
(ii) At which one of the following places was the first atomic power station started?
(a) Kalpakkam
(b) Narora
(c) Rana Pratap Sagar
(d) Tarapur
Answer: (d) Tarapur
(iii) Which one of the following minerals is known as brown diamond?
(a) Iron
(b) Lignite
(c) Manganese
(d) Mica
Answer: (b) Lignite
(iv) Which one of the following is non-renewable source of energy?
(a) Hydel
(b) Solar
(c) Thermal
(d) Wind power
Answer: (c) Thermal
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words:
(i) Give an account of the distribution of mica in India.
Answer: Mica in India is produced in Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan followed by Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh. In Jharkhand high quality mica is obtained in a belt extending over a distance of about 150 km, in length and about 22 km, in width in lower Hazaribagh plateau. In Andhra Pradesh. Nellore district produces the best quality mica. In Rajasthan mica belt extends for about 320 kms from Jaipur to Bhilwara and around Udaipur. Mica deposits also occur in Mysore and Hasan districts of Karnataka, Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli, Madurai and Kannyakumari in Tamil Nadu, Alleppey in Kerala, Ratnagiri in Maharashtra, Purulia and Bankura in West Bengal.
(ii) What is nuclear power? Mention the important nuclear power stations in India.
Answer: Nuclear power is the power that is obtained by the energy released from nuclear fission that is splitting of nucleus of radioactive minerals like Uranium and Thorium. The energy released from the nuclear fission is used to heat water, the steam released from it is used to rotate a turbine which generates electricity. The important nuclear power projects are Tarapur (Maharashtra), (Rajasthan), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Narora (Uttar Pradesh), Kaiga (Karnataka), Rawatbhata near Kota and Kakarapara (Gujarat).
(iii) Name non-ferrous metal. Discuss their spatial distribution.
Answer: India is poorly endowed with non-ferrous metallic minerals except bauxite and copper. Bauxite: Bauxite is found mainly in tertiary deposits and is associated with laterite rocks occurring extensively either on the plateau or hill ranges of peninsular India and also in the coastal tracts of the country. Bauxite is the ore for Aluminium. Odisha happens to be the largest producer of Bauxite. Kalahandi and Sambalpur are the leading producers.
The other two areas which have been increasing their production are Bolangir and Koraput. The patlands of Jharkhand in Lohardaga have rich deposits. Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra are other major producers. Bhavanagar, Jamnagar in Gujarat have the major deposits. Chhattisgarh has bauxite deposits in Amarkantak plateau while Katni-Jabalpur area and Balaghat in M.P. have important deposits of bauxite. Kolaba, Thane, Ratnagiri, Satara, Pune and Kolhapur in Maharashtra are important producers. Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Goa are minor producers of bauxite Copper:
The Copper deposits mainly occur in Singhbhum district in Jharkhand, Balaghat district in Madhya Pradesh and Jhunjhunu and Alwar districts in Rajasthan. It is imperative for electrical industry. Minor producers of Copper are Agnigundala in Guntur District (Andhra Pradesh), Chitradurg and Hasan districts (Karnataka) and South Arcot district (Tamil Nadu).
(iv) What are non-conventional sources of energy?
Answer: Non conventional sources of energy are those energy which have been recently put to use for commercial purpose. They are generally renewable and non polluting sources of energy. They have initial high cost of installation whereas their long time running cost is low and also they are environment friendly. Eg. Soar energy, wind energy, tidal and wave energy, geothermal energy and bioenergy.
3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words:
(i) Write a detailed note on the Petroleum resources of India.
Answer: Crude petroleum consists of hydrocarbons of liquid and gaseous states varying in chemical composition, colour and specific gravity. It is an essential source of energy for all internal combustion engines in automobiles, railways and aircraft. Its numerous by-products are processed in petrochemical industries.
Crude petroleum occurs in sedimentary rocks of the tertiary period. Oil exploration and production was systematically taken up after the Oil and Natural Gas Commission was set up in 1956. Till then, the Digboi in Assam was the only oil producing region but the scenario has changed after 1956. In recent years, new oil deposits have been found at the extreme western and eastern parts of the country. In Assam, Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran are important oil producing areas. The major oil fields of Gujarat are Ankaleshwar, Kalol, Mehsana, Nawagam, Kosamba and Lunej. Mumbai High which lies 160 km off Mumbai was discovered in 1973 and production commenced in 1976. Oil and natural gas have been found in exploratory wells in Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri basin on the east coast. According to a newspaper report (The Hindu, 05.09.2006) the Oil and Natural Gas Commission has found potential zones of natural gas reserves in Ramanathapuram district. The survey is still in the initial stages. The exact quantity of gas reserves will be known only after the completion of the survey. But the results are encouraging. Oil extracted from the wells is crude oil and contains many impurities. It cannot be used directly. It needs to be refined. There are two types of refineries in India:
(a) field based and
(b) market based. Digboi is an example of field based and Barauni is an example of market based refinery. There are 18 refineries in India.
(ii) Write an essay on hydel power in India.
Answer: Hydel power is a renewable energy resource because it uses the Earth’s water cycle to generate electricity. Water evaporates from the Earth’s surface, forms clouds, precipitates back to earth, and flows toward the ocean. The movement of water as it flows downstream creates kinetic energy that can be converted into electricity. 2700 TWH is generated every year. Out of the total power generation installed capacity in India of 1,76,990 MW (June, 2011), hydel power contributes about 21.5%, i.e. 38,106 MW.
A capacity addition of 78,700 MW is envisaged from different conventional sources during 2007-2012 (the 11th Plan), which includes 15,627 MW from large hydro projects. In addition to this, a capacity addition of 1400 MW was envisaged from small hydro up to 25 MW station capacity. The total hydroelectric power potential in the country is assessed at about 150,000 MW, equivalent to 84,000 MW at 60% load factor. The potential of small hydro power projects is estimated at about 15,000 MW.
Technology: A hydroelectric power plant consists of a high dam that is built across a large river to create a reservoir, and a station where the process of energy conversion to electricity takes place. The first step in the generation of energy in a hydro power plant is the collection of run-off of seasonal rain and snow in lakes, streams and rivers, during the hydrological cycle. The run-off flows to dams downstream. The water falls through a dam, into the hydropower plant and turns a large wheel called a turbine.
The turbine converts the energy of falling water into mechanical energy to drive the generator. After this process has taken place electricity is transferred to the communities through transmission lines and the water is released back into the lakes, streams or rivers. This is entirely not harmful, because no pollutants are added to the water while it flows through the hydro power plant.
Potential in India: India is blessed with immense amount of hydro-electric potential and ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydro-potential on global scenario. As per assessment made by CEA, India is endowed with economically exploitable hydro-power potential to the tune of 148700 MW of installed capacity. The basinwise assessed potential is as under:
| Basin/rivers Probable | Installed Capacity (MW) |
|---|---|
| Indus Basin | 33832 |
| Ganga Basin | 20711 |
| Central Indian River system | 4152 |
| Western Flowing Rivers of southern India | 9430 |
| Eastern Flowing Rivers of southern India | 14511 |
| Brahmaputra Basin | 66065 |
| Total | 148701 |
In addition, 56 number of pumped storage projects have also been identified with probable installed capacity of 94000 MW. In addition to this, hydro-potential from small, mini and micro schemes has been estimated as 6782 MW from 1512 sites. Thus, in totality India is endowed with hydro-potential of about 250000 MW.
Installed Capacity: The total installed capacity of India is 36878 MW
Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1. Define minerals.
Answer: A mineral is a natural substance of organic or inorganic origin with definite chemical and physical properties.
Question 2. Give examples of non metallic minerals.
Answer: Fossil fuels, mica, limestone, graphite etc.
Question 3. Name ferrous minerals.
Answer: All the minerals which contain iron come under this category. Like – Iron ore, manganese, chromite etc.
Question 4. What are the main types of iron found in our country?
Answer: Haematite and Magnetite.
Question 5. Which state is the leading producer of manganese?
Answer: Odisha is the leading producer of manganese.
Question 6. Name the manganese fields of Karnataka.
Answer: Karnataka is a major producer of manganese and here the mines are located in Dharwar, Ballari, Belagavi, North Canara, Chikkmagaluru, Shivamogga, Chitradurg and Tumkur.
Question 7. What are the uses of mica?
Answer: Used in electrical and electronic industries and also as an insulator.
Question 8. Which is the ore for aluminium? Which state is the largest producer?
Answer: Bauxite is the ore for aluminium. Odisha is the largest producer.
Question 9. Where is copper found in India?
Answer: Copper deposits mainly occur in Singhbhum district in Jharkhand, Balaghat district in Madhya Pradesh and Jhunjhunu and Alwar districts in Rajasthan. Minor deposits in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
Question 10. What are canaries used for?
Answer: Singareni collieries, the country’s premier coal production company, still uses canaries to detect the presence of deadly carbon monoxide in underground mines.
Question 11. Which are the two top coalfields of India?
Answer: Jharia and Raniganj.
Question 12. What are the uses of petroleum?
Answer: It is an essential source of energy for all internal combustion engines in automobiles, railways and aircraft. Its numerous by-products are processed in petrochemical industries such a fertiliser, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibre, medicines, vaseline, lubricants, wax, soap and cosmetics.
Question 13. Which mineral is referred to as liquid gold? why?
Answer: Petroleum is referred to as liquid gold because of its scarcity and diversified uses.
Question 14. Which agency looks after the transport and marketing of natural gas? When was it set up?
Answer: The Gas Authority of India Limited was set up in 1984 as a public sector undertaking to look after the transport and marketing of natural gas.
Question 15. How is solar energy generated?
Answer: Sun rays tapped in photovoltaic cells can be converted into energy, known as solar energy. The two effective processes considered to be very effective to tap solar energy are photovoltaics and solar thermal technology.
Question 16. Name the sources of non conventional sources of energy.
Answer: Solar, wind, bio, tidal and wave, geo thermal.
Question 17. Name the states with high potential for wind energy.
Answer: Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka have favourable conditions to develop wind energy.
Question 18. Why is India endowed with a rich variety of mineral resources?
Answer: India is endowed with a rich variety of mineral resources due to its varied geological structure. Bulk of the valuable minerals are products of pre-palaezoic age and are mainly associated with metamorphic and igneous rocks of the peninsular India.
Question 19. Why do we need minerals for economic development?
Answer: Industrial development of a country depends on availability of minerals and economic development depends on industrial development. Therefore, we need minerals for economic development.
Question 20. How are minerals classified?
Answer: Minerals are classified on the basis of their physical and chemical properties.
• Metallic minerals
• Non-metallic minerals.
Question 21. Name the area lacking natural resources.
Answer: The vast alluvial plain tract of north India is devoid of minerals of economic use.
Question 22. There is inverse relationship between quantity and quality of minerals. Explain the statement
Answer: It means that good quality minerals are less in quantity as compared to low quality minerals.
Question 23. Where are majority of minerals found in India?
Answer: Most of the metallic minerals in India occur in the peninsular plateau region in the old crystalline rocks.
Question 24. In which of the river valleys important coal reserves are found?
Answer: Over 97 per cent of coal reserves occur in the valleys of Damodar, Sone, Mahanadi and Godavari.
Question 25. Give the distribution of bauxite ore.
Answer: Bauxite is produced in the following states.
• Odisha is the largest producer.
• Kalahandi and Sambalpur are the leading producers.
• Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, M.P. and Maharashtra.
• Balaghat in M.P.
Question 26. Name the areas where natural gas is found.
Answer: Natural gas is found in:
• Eastern Coast (Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Adhra Pradesh)
• Tripura
• Rajasthan
• Gujarat
• Maharashtra
Question 27. Name the nuclear power plant affected by tsunami which has recently been resumed.
Answer: Kalpakkam in Tamil Nadu.
Question 28. Where are the richest monazite deposits found?
Answer: Monazite reserves are found in Palakkad and Kollam districts of Kerala, Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh and Mahanadi river delta in Odisha.
Question 29. When was the first Atomic Energy Commission established and where?
Answer: Atomic Energy Commission was established in 1948; while the Atomic Energy Institute at Trombay was established in 1954, which was renamed as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in 1967.
Question 30. Name the important features of non- conventional energy sources.
Answer: Important features of non-conventional energy sources are:
• Equitable distribution
• Environment friendly
• More sustained eco-friendly and cheaper after initial cost is taken care of.
Question 31. Solar energy is the hope of future. Discuss.
Answer: Solar energy is the hope of future because it is:
• Cost competitive
• Environment friendly
Question 32. What are the advantages of bio-energy?
Answer: Enhance self-reliance
• Reduce environmental pollution
• Reduce pressure on fuel wood
• Conversion of municipal waste into energy.
Question 33. Why do we need to conserve resources?
Answer: They are limited in number
• Exhaustible
• More time to replenish
• For sustainable development
Question 34. Write two important uses of coal.
Answer: Generation of thermal power
• Smelting of iron ore for steel
Question 35. When was the first geo-thermal energy usage attempt made? Is there any geo-thermal plant in India?
OR
Where was the first underground heat tapped?
Answer: The first successful (1890) attempt to tap the underground heat was made in the city of Boise, Idaho (U.S.A.), where a hot water pipe network was built to give heat to the surrounding buildings. This plant is still working. In India, a geothermal energy plant has been commissioned at Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh.
Question 36. Name one bio-energy effort made by India.
Answer: One bio-energy project converting municipal waste into energy is situated at Okhla in Delhi
Last Updated on: February 16, 2024
